An Elementary Paa.li Course

Lesson XVIII

A. Declension of satthu and pitu

satthu (m.) teacher
	SINGULAR	PLURAL
Nominative	satthaa	satthaaro
Vocative	sattha, satthaa	satthaaro
Accusative	satthaara.m	satthaaro, satthaare
Instrumental, Ablative	satthaaraa	satthaarebhi, satthaarehi
Dative, Genitive	satthu, satthuno, satthussa	satthaaraana.m, satthaana.m
Locative	satthari	satthaaresu, satthusu
bhattu, husband daatu, giver jetu, conqueror kattu, doer nattu, nephew ~naatu, knower netu, leader sotu, hearer vattu, talker, etc. are declined like satthu.
pitu (m.) father
	SINGULAR	PLURAL
Nominative	pitaa	pitaro
Vocative	pita, pitaa	pitaro
Accusative	pitara.m	pitaro, pitare
Instrumental, Ablative	pitaraa, pitunaa	pituubhi, pituuhi, pitarebhi, pitarehi
Dative, Genitive	pitu, pituno, pitussa	pitaraana.m, pituuna.m, pitunna.m, pitaana.m
Locative	pitari	pitaresu, pitusu
bhaatu, brother is declined like pitu. maatu, mother is also declined like pitu with the exception of the following:
	SINGULAR
Instrumental, Ablative	maataraa, maatuyaa
Dative, Genitive	maatu, maatuyaa
dhiitu, duhitu - daughter, are declined like maatu.

B. Causal Forms (Kaarita)

Causals are formed by adding e, aya to roots ending in u and uu, aape, aapaya to roots ending in aa and all the four or two to the other roots. The terminations are added afterwards. All tenses, moods and participles have their own causal forms. The initial vowel, not followed by a double consonant, often undergoes vuddhi substitute. Sometimes the vuddhi substitutes e and o are changed into aya and ava respectively.

Examples:
paca + e + ti = paaceti - causes to cook
paca + aya + ti = paacayati
paca + aape + ti = paacaapeti
paca + aapaya + ti = paacaapayati
paacesi, paacayii, paacaapesi, paacaapayii, he caused to cook
paacessati, paacayissati, paacaapessati, paacaapayissati, he will cause to cook

daa + aape + ti = daapeti - causes to give
daa + aapaya + ti = daapayati - causes to give
chidi + e + ti = chindeti - causes to cut
chidi + aape + ti = chindaapeti - causes to cut
ni + aape + ti = nayaapeti - causes to lead
gamu + e + ti = gameti - causes to go
su + e + ti = saaveti - causes to hear
bhuu + e + ti = bhaaveti - develops (lit. causes to become)

Intransitive verbs become transitive, and ordinary transitive verbs take two objects when they assume causal forms.

Examples:
Rukkho patati. The tree falls.
So rukkha.m paateti. He makes the tree fall.
Daaso odana.m pacati. The servant is cooking rice.
So daasa.m odana.m paaceti. He makes the servant cook rice.

Sometimes the agent of the causal verb or, in other words the indirect object is put in the Instrumental case e.g.,
So daasena odana.m paaceti.

In some cases the causal forms modify the original meaning of the verb; e.g.,
vaca - to speak, vaaceti - reads.
bhuu - to be, bhaaveti - develops, cultivates.

Exercise 18-A

Translate into English.

1. "Nam'atthu* satthuno."
2. "Tayaa suta.m dhamma.m amhe'pi saavehi."
3. Satthaa saavake dhamma.m desaapeti (or saavakehi).
4. Pitaa putta.m gaama.m gameti.
5. Maataa attano dhiitara.m nahaapetvaa paa.thasaala.m pesesi.
6. Bhattaa attano bhariyaaya atithayo sa`nga.nhaapesi.
7. Dhiitaro, daasehi daaruuni aaharaapetvaa aggi.m daapetha.
8. Dhiituuhi maataro ca pitaro ca rakkhitabbaa, maatuuhi ca pituuhi ca dhiitaro rakkhitabbaa.
9. Maataa dhiitare satthaara.m vandaapeti.
10. Aha.m maatuyaa ca pitaraa ca saddhi.m aaraama.m gantvaa te dhamma.m saavessaami.
11. Maatula, maya.m pana tava nattaaro homa. Tasmaa no saadhuka.m ugga.nhaapehi.
12. Satthaa sotaare saccaani bodhento gaamaa gaama.m nagaraa nagara.m vicarati.
13. Tesa.m ra.t.the dhitimante netaare na passaama.
14. Maatari ca pitari ca aadarena mayha.m bhattaa attano dhanena mahanta.m ghara.m kaaraapetvaa te tattha vasaapesi.

*namo + atthu = nam'atthu
atthu - Benedictive mood 3rd person singular of asa - to be.

Exercise 18-B

Translate into Paa.li.

1. Talkers are not always doers.
2. The leaders are not always conquerors.
3. My father taught my brother well and made him a leader of the country.
4. I made my mother give alms to the disciples of the Teacher.
5. My nephew is reading the letter sent by his father.
6. Virtuous daughters cause their husbands to treat their mothers and fathers well.
7. Daily my father and mother cultivate good-will towards all beings and advise us also to do likewise.
8. Of my two brothers one is a talker and the other is a doer.
9. I do not cause my servants to give food to my husband.
10. Let the Teacher cause the monks to preach the Doctrine. There will be knowers. They will understand the Truth and make others realise their Deliverance.
11. Our father made our brothers cut the trees in the garden.
12. The conquerors caused the people to erect a large hall in the kingdom.
13. Daughters, you should not do evil, nor cause others to do evil.
14. The monks should neither dig the ground nor cause others to dig the ground.

Contents

* Suggested Solutions

Namo Tassa Bhagavato Arahato Sammāsambuddhassa.
Buddha sāsana.m cira.m ti.t.thatu.


	tipitaka network ... his life, his acts, his words sabbe satta bhavantu sukhi-tatta