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Paali Primer
Preface
Contents
Introduction
Lesson 1
Lesson 2
Lesson 3
Lesson 4
Lesson 5
Lesson 6
Lesson 7
Lesson 8
Lesson 9
Lesson 10
Lesson 11
Lesson 12
Lesson 13
Lesson 14
Lesson 15
Lesson 16
Lesson 17
Lesson 18
Lesson 19
Lesson 20
Lesson 21
Lesson 22
Lesson 23
Lesson 24
Lesson 25
Lesson 26
Lesson 27
Lesson 28
Lesson 29
Lesson 30
Lesson 31
Lesson 32
For free distribution, as a gift of Dhamma.

Paali Primer

Lesson 9

1. The Gerund, the Absolutive or the Indeclinable Participle

The suffix -tvaa is added to the root of the verb or verbal base* with or sometimes without the connecting vowel -i- to form the gerund, absolutive or the indeclinable participle.

The suffix -ya is sometimes added to roots with a prefix.

2. Attention may be paid to the following forms:

3. Examples in sentence formation

  1. Kassako khettamhaa aagantvaa bhatta.m bhu~njati.
    The farmer, having come from the field, eats rice.
  2. Vaanaraa rukkha.m aaruyha phalaani khaadanti.
    Having climbed the tree, monkeys eat fruits.
  3. Daarako bhatta.m yaacitvaa rodati.
    Having asked for rice, the child cries.
  4. Sama.no Buddha.m passitvaa vandati.
    Having seen the Buddha, the recluse worships (him).

* The root is the simplest element of a verb without prefixes, suffixes or terminations. These are normally given in Sanskrit in grammars by Western scholars. The base is formed by adding a suffix to the root before a termination. For example:

Exercise 9

Translate into English

  1. Upaasako vihaara.m gantvaa sama.naana.m daana.m dadaati.
  2. Saavako aasanamhi nisiiditvaa paade dhovati.
  3. Daarakaa pupphaani sa.mharitvaa maatulassa datvaa hasanti.
  4. Yaacakaa uyyaanamhaa aagamma kassakasmaa odana.m yaacanti.
  5. Luddako hatthena sare aadaaya ara~n~na.m pavisati.
  6. Kumaaraa kukkurena saddhi.m kii.litvaa samudda.m gantvaa nahaayanti.
  7. Vaa.nijo paasaa.nasmi.m .thatvaa kuddaalena sappa.m paharati.
  8. Sappuriso yaacakassa putte pakkositvaa vatthaani dadaati.
  9. Daarako aavaa.tamhi patitvaa rodati.
  10. Bhuupaalo paasaadamhaa nikkhamitvaa amaccena saddhi.m bhaasati.
  11. Sunakho udaka.m pivitvaa gehamhaa nikkhamma magge sayati.
  12. Sama.naa bhuupaalassa uyyaane sannipatitvaa dhamma.m bhaasanti.
  13. Putto nahaatvaa bhatta.m bhutvaa ma~nca.m aaruyha sayati.
  14. Vaa.nijaa diipamhaa nagara.m aagamma aacariyassa gehe vasanti.
  15. Rajako vatthaani dhovitvaa putta.m pakkosati.
  16. Vaanaraa rukkhehi oruyha uyyaane aahi.n.danti.
  17. Migaa vanamhi aahi.n.ditvaa pa.n.naani khaadanti.
  18. Kumaaro nayanaani dhovitvaa suriya.m passati.
  19. Naavikassa mittaa nagarasmaa bha.n.daani aadaaya gaama.m aagacchanti.
  20. Daarako khiira.m pivitvaa gehamhaa nikkhamma hasati.
  21. Sappurisaa daanaani datvaa siilaani rakkhitvaa sagga.m gacchanti.
  22. Suukaro udakamhaa uttaritvaa aavaa.ta.m oruyha sayati.
  23. Taapaso Tathaagatassa saavaka.m disvaa vanditvaa pa~nha.m pucchati.
  24. Asappuriso yaacakassa patta.m bhinditvaa akkositvaa geha.m gacchati.
  25. Saku.naa gaame rukkhehi uppatitvaa ara~n~na.m otaranti.
  26. Pa.n.dito aasanamhaa u.t.thahitvaa taapasena saddhi.m bhaasati.
  27. Daarako gehaa nikkhamma maatula.m pakkositvaa geha.m pavisati.
  28. Devaa sappurisesu pasiiditvaa te (them) rakkhanti.
  29. Kumaarassa sahaayakaa paasaada.m aaruyha aasanesu nisiidanti.
  30. Go.naa khettamhi aahi.n.ditvaa ti.na.m khaaditvaa sayanti.

Translate into Paali

  1. Having gone out of the house the farmer enters the field.
  2. Having preached (deseti) the doctrine, the Buddha enters the monastery.
  3. The king having been pleased with the Buddha, abandons the palace and goes to the monastery.
  4. Having climbed down from the stairway, the child laughs.
  5. Having hit the serpent with a stone the boy runs into the house.
  6. Having gone to the forest the man climbs a tree and eats fruits.
  7. Having washed the clothes in the water, the washerman brings (them) home.
  8. The lion having killed a goat, eats having sat on a rock.
  9. The doctor having seen the merchants' goods leaves the city.
  10. Having broken (into) the house thieves run to the forest.
  11. Having roamed in the field the pig falls into a pit.
  12. The fisherman brings fish from the sea for farmers.
  13. Having taken goods from the city, the teacher comes home.
  14. Having stood on a mountain, the hunter shoots birds with arrows.
  15. The oxen having eaten grass in the park, sleep on the road.
  16. The king having got down from the chariot speaks with the farmers.
  17. The man having given up his house enters the monastery.
  18. Fishermen give fish to merchants and receive profits.
  19. The lay devotee having asked a question from the monk sits on his seat.
  20. The disciples of the Buddha, having seen the wicked men, admonish.
  21. The brahmin, having scolded the child, hits (him).
  22. The deities, having asked questions from the Buddha, become glad.
  23. The dog, having bitten the teacher's foot, runs into the house.
  24. The monkey, having played with the goat on the road, climbs a tree.
  25. The hermit, having come from the forest, receives a cloth from the good man.
  26. Having drunk water, the child breaks the bowl.
  27. Having advised the farmers' sons, and having risen from the seats, the monks go to the monastery.
  28. The sailor, having crossed the sea, goes to the island.
  29. The child calls the uncles and dances in the house.
  30. Having washed clothes and bathed, the farmer gets out of water.