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As all the cases of the nouns in a have been given we can now recapitulate the whole declension, adding the various pronominal inflections (such as the ablatives in asmaa and amhaa) which are sometimes used with these nouns:-
| Singular | Plural | ||
| 1. | Nom. Voc. | loko loka | lokaa |
| 2. | Acc. | loka.m | loke |
| 3. | Instr. | lokena | lokehi |
| 4. | Dative | lokaaya, lokassa | lokaana.m |
| 5. | Abl. | lokaa, lokasmaa, lokamhaa (lokato) | lokehi |
| 6. | Gen. | lokassa | lokaana.m |
| 7. | Loc. | loke, lokasmi.m | lokesu |
- have the special forms nominative singular in a.m and nominative and accusative plural in aani: citta.m, cittaani; otherwise they are inflected in the same way as the masculines.
| Singular | Plural | |
| Nom. | kathaa | (kathaa) or kathaayo |
| Voc. | kathe | |
| Acc. | katha.m | |
| Ins. Dat. Abl. Gen. | kathaaya | kathaahi, kathaana.m |
| Loc. | kathaaya or kathaaya.m | kathaasu |
Recapitulation of the pronominal declension:-
| Singular | Plural | |||||
| Masc. | Neut. | Fem. | Masc. | Neut. | Fem. | |
| Nom. | yo | yam or yad | yaa | ye | yaani | yaa |
| Acc. | ya.m | ya.m or yad | ya.m | |||
| Ins. | yena | yaaya | yehi | yaahi | ||
| Dat. | yassa | yassaa | yesa.m | yaasa.m | ||
| Abl. | yasmaa or yamhaa | yaaya | yehi | yaahi | ||
| Gen. | yassa | yassaa | yesa.m | yaasa.m | ||
| Loc. | yasmi.m or yamhi | yaaya(.m) or yassa.m | yesu | yaasu | ||
| First - ma(d) or mam | Second - ta(d) | |||
| Nom. | aha.m | maya.m | tva.m | tumhe |
| Acc. | ma.m | amhe or no | tva.m or ta.m | tumhe or vo |
| Ins. | mayaa or me | amhehi or no | tayaa or te | tumhehi or vo |
| Dat. | mama(.m) or me, sometimes mayha.m | amhaaka.m or no | tava or te | tumhaaka.m or vo |
| Abl. | mayaa | amhehi | tayaa | tumhehi |
| Gen. | mama(.m) or me, sometimes mayha.m | amhaaka.m or no | tava or te | tumhaaka.m or vo |
| Loc. | mayi | amhesu | tayi | tumhesu |
Demonstrative ida.m-: singular masculine and feminine nominative aya.m, accusative ima.m; neuter ida.m; instrumental masculine and neuter iminaa, feminine imaaya; genitive/dative masculine and neuter assa, feminine assaa; ablative masculine and neuter imamhaa or imasmaa, feminine imaaya; locative masculine and neuter asmi.m or imasmi.m, feminine imaaya(.m).
Plural follows the declension of ya(d), in all genders, on the stem ima.
Interrogative ki.m as ya(d) (stem ka) except: neuter nominative accusative singular ki.m; masculine and neuter dative and genitive singular either kassa or kissa; masculine and neuter locative singular kismi.m or kimhi.
A demonstrative pronoun with the stem na is inflected in the same way as ta(d): accusative singular na.m, genitive plural nesa.m, etc. The nominative does not seem to be used. The meaning is hardly distinguishable from that of ta(d).
The accusative singular neuter of a noun or adjective (i.e., a masculine noun is made neuter, etc.) may be used as an "adverb" or indeclinable. This kind of adverb is called bhaavanapu.msaka, "impersonal-neuter" or "neuter of state", or kiriyaavisesana, "action-qualifier". E.g.:-
Adjective Adverb cira long (time) cira.m (for a) long (time) diigha long (place or time) diigha.m long rassa short rassa.m shortly (e.g. in breathing "shortly") saadhuka good saadhuka.m well
The numeral stem eka, "one", is inflected like the relatve pronoun, except in the feminine, where in the dative, genitive, and locative singular, a stem in i appears instead of a. It is used like an adjective or pronoun, or like the indefinite article in English: "a" (but only to emphasize the indefiniteness when required). In the plural it means "some":-
| Singular | Plural | |||||
| Masc. | Neut. | Fem. | Masc. | Neut. | Fem. | |
| Nom. | eko | eka.m | ekaa | eke | ekaani | ekaa |
| Acc. | eka.m | eka.m | eka.m | |||
| Inst. | ekena | ekaaya | ekehi | ekaahi | ||
| Dat. | ekassa | ekissaa | ekesa.m | ekaasa.m | ||
| Abl. | ekasmaa or ekamhaa | ekaaya | ekehi | ekaahi | ||
| Gen. | ekassa | ekissaa | ekesa.m | ekaasa.m | ||
| Loc. | ekasmi.m or ekamhi | ekissaa | ekesu | ekaasu | ||
The numerals dvi, "two" and pa~nca, "five", which are used like adjectives, are inflected as follows for all genders:-
| Nom. Acc. | dve | pa~nca |
| Ins. | dviihi | pa~ncahi |
| Dat. | dvinna.m | pa~ncanna.m |
| Abl. | dviihi | pa~ncahi |
| Gen. | dvinna.m | pa~ncanna.m |
| Loc. | dviisu | pa~ncasu |
The numerals sata.m, "hundred" and sahassa.m, "thousand" are neuter nouns, inflected like neuters in a and used in apposition with other nouns (i.e. not agreeing in gender but only in case) or with nouns in the genitive. They are used is both singular and plural: sata.m purisa.m or sataani purisaa or sata.m purisaa or sataani purisa.m or sata.m purisaana.m, all meaning "a hundred men". Alternatively a compound may be formed: purisasata.m (genitive tappurisa).
Phrases or sentences may be joined to make a continuous "period" or paragraph by "conjunctive" (also "disjunctive", etc.) indeclinables, several of which have been met already. Here we may recapitulate these in a synopsis of the main indeclinables of thie type, grouped according to function (with references to passages for reading in previous exercises in which some of them have occurred).
"Conjunctive" (samuccaya) in the literal sense:-
"Disjunctive" (vikappana):-
"Adversative" (visesa):-
"Causal" (kaara.na):-
"Emphatic" (eka.msa):-
"Hypothetical" (sa.mkaa):-
"Interrogative" (pucchana):-
(Some of these indeclinables have other uses besides the connecting of phrases or sentences.)
Verbs:-
Nouns:-
Adjectives:-
Pronoun:-
Indeclinables:-
Unicode | Velthuis