A Practical Grammar of the Paali Language

Chapter VIII

Numerals

250. The numerals are as follows:

251. Table of cardinals and ordinals

Cardinals	Ordinals
1. eka, one	pa.thama, first
2. dve, two	dutiya, second
3. tayo, three	tatiya, third
4. cattaaro	catuttha, turiiya
5. pa~nca	pa~ncatha, pa~ncama
6. cha	cha.t.tha, chatthama
7. satta	sattha, sattama
8. a.t.tha	a.t.thama
9. nava	navama
10. dasa, rasa, lasa, .lasa	dasama
11. ekaarasa, ekaadasa	ekarasama
12. baarasa, dvaarasa	baarasama
13. tedasa, terasa, telasa	tedasama
14. catuddasa, cuddasa, coddasa	catuddasama
15. pa~ncadasa, pa.n.narasa, pannarasa	pa~ncadasama
16. so.lasa, sorasa	so.lasama
17. sattadasa, sattarasa	sattadasama
18. a.t.thaadasa, a.t.thaarasa	a.t.thaadasama
19. ekuunaviisati, ekuunaviisa.m	ekuunaviisatima
20. viisati, viisa.m	viisatima
21. ekaviisati, ekaviisa.m	ekaviisatima
22. dvaaviisati	dvaaviisatima
23. teviisati	teviisatima
24. catuviisati	catuviisatima
25. pa~ncaviisati	pa~ncaviisatima
26. chabbiisati	chabbiisatima
27. sattabiisati, sattaviisati	sattabiisatima
28. a.t.thaviisa.m	a.t.thaviisatima
29. ekuunati.msati, ekuunati.msa.m	ekuunati.msatima
30. ti.msati, ti.msa.m	ti.msatima
31. ekati.msati	ekati.msatima
32. dvatti.msati	dvatti.msatima
40. cattaaliisa.m, cattaariisa.m	cattaalisatiima
50. pa~n~naasa, pa~n~naasa.m	pa~n~naasama
60. sa.t.thi	sa.t.thima
70. sattati	sattatima
80. asiiti	asiitima
90. navuti	navutima
100. sata.m	satama
200. baasata.m, dvaasata.m	baasatama
1000. sahassa.m	sahassama
10,000. dasasahassa.m	dasasahassama
10,000,000. ko.ti	ko.tima

252. (I) Cardinals

253. Eka, one, is in the singular very often used in an indefinite sense, meaning: a certain, a; as, eko naaviko, a boatman, a certain boatman. ekaa kumaarikaa, a princess, a certain princess. In the plural, it means: some, as, eke purisaa, some men... ekaa maanusini, some women...

254. The cardinals, eka, taya and cattaaro are declined in the plural in the three genders; eka, alone of course, having singular forms.

255. Declension of eka, one

	Singular
	Masculine	Feminine	Neuter
Nom.	eko	ekaa	eka.m
Gen.	ekassa	ekissaa, ekissaaya	ekassa
Dat.	ekassa	ekissaa, ekissaaya	ekassa
Acc.	eka.m	eka.m	eka.m
Ins.	ekena	ekaaya	ekena
Abl.	ekasmaa, ekamhaa	ekaaya	ekasmaa, ekamhaa
Loc.	ekasmi.m, ekamhi	ekaaya, ekissa.m	ekasmi.m, ekamhi
Voc.	eka	eke	eka

	Plural
	Masculine	Feminine	Neuter
Nom.	eke	ekaa, ekaayo	ekaani
Gen.	ekesa.m	ekaasa.m	ekesa.m
Dat.	ekesa.m	ekaasa.m	ekesa.m
Acc.	eke	ekaa, ekaayo	ekaani
Ins.	ekehi, ekebhi	ekaahi, ekhaabhi	ekehi, ekebhi
Abl.	ekehi, ekebhi	ekaahi, ekhaabhi	ekehi, ekebhi
Loc.	ekesu	ekaasu	ekesu
Voc.	eke	ekaa, ekaayo	ekaani

256. Declension of tayo, three

	Plural (No Singular)
	Masculine	Feminine	Neuter
Nom.	tayo	tisso	ti.ni
Gen.	ti.n.na.m, ti.n.nanna.m	tissanna.m, tissa.m	ti.n.na.m, ti.n.nanna.m
Dat.	ti.n.na.m, ti.n.nanna.m	tissanna.m, tissa.m	ti.n.na.m, ti.n.nanna.m
Acc.	tayo	tisso	tii.ni
Ins.	tiihi, tiibhi	tiihi, tiibhi	tiihi, tiibhi
Abl.	tiihi, tiibhi	tiihi, tiibhi	tiihi, tiibhi
Loc.	tiisu	tiisu	tiisu

257. Declension of cattaaro, caturo, four

	Masculine	Feminine	Neuter
Nom.	cattaaro, caturo	catasso	cattaari
Gen.	catunna.m	catassanna.m, cattassa.m	catunna.m
Dat.	catunna.m	catassanna.m, cattassa.m	catunna.m
Acc.	cattaaro, caturo	catasso	cattaari
Ins.	catubbhi, catuuhi, catuubhi	catubbhi, catuuhi, catuubhi	catubbhi, catuuhi, catuubhi
Abl.	catubbhi, catuuhi, catuubhi	catubbhi, catuuhi, catuubhi	catubbhi, catuuhi, catuubhi
Loc.	catuusu	catuusu	catuusu

258. (a) In composition, the base of tayo, is ti, as, tilokahitada, bestowing benefits on the three worlds.

(b) Not seldom, tri also is met with: trikumbhanagara.m, the "three-Hillock-City" (Rangoon).

(c) The base of cattaaro in composition is catu before a consonant, the consonant being often reduplicated; and catur before a vowel: catumukho, having four faces. catuppado, a quadruped. catuparisa.m, the four assemblies. catura`ngii (catu-r-a`ngii), having four divisions. caturasso (catu-r-asso), having four corners, quadrangular.

259. The Dual has completely disappeared in Paali; the only two vestiges that have come down to us being dve or duve, two, and ubho, both. But even in these two words, the student will remark that the inflection of the plural has almost entirely superseded that of the dual.

260. Dve or duve and ubho, are of the three genders, and used in the plural only.

	Dve, Two	Ubho, Both
Nom.	dve, duve	ubho, ubhe
Gen.	dvinna.m, duvinna.m	ubhinna.m
Dat.	dvinna.m, duvinna.m	ubhinna.m
Acc.	dve, duve	ubho, ubhe
Ins.	dviihi, dviibhi	ubhohi, ubhobhi, ubhehi, ubhebhi
Abl.	dviihi, dviibhi	ubhohi, ubhobhi, ubhehi, ubhebhi
Loc.	dviisu	ubhosu, ubhesu

261. (a) The base of dve, duve in composition is dvi and also di, du and dve: dvijo, twice born, a brahmin. dvijivho, double-tongued, a snake. dvipo, drinking twice, an elephant. dipado, two-legged, a biped. digu.no, two-fold. duvidho, of two kinds. dvebhuumako, having two stories. dvepakkho, two factions or parties.

(b) dva, dvaa are also used as the bases of dve, but chiefly in composition with other numbers: dvattikkhatu.m (dva-ti-khattu.m), two or three times. dvati.msati, thirty two. dvaasa.t.thi, sixty-two. dvaaviisati, twenty-two.

(c) baa is similarly used as a base. baarasa, baadasa, twelve. baaviisati, twenty-two.

262. Pa~nca, five, is, like dve, of the three genders. It is declined as follows:

Nom.	pa~nca
Gen.	pa~ncanna.m
Dat.	pa~ncanna.m
Acc.	pa~nca
Ins.	pa~ncahi
Abl.	pa~ncahi
Loc.	pa~ncasu

263. The other numbers up to 18 included, are also of the three genders, and are declined as follows:

Nom., Acc. & Voc.	Gen. & Dat.	Ins. & Abl.	Loc.
six, cha	channa.m	chahi	chasu
seven, satta	sattanna.m	sattahi	sattasu
eight, a.t.tha	a.t.thanna.m	a.t.thahi	a.t.thasu
nine, nava	navanna.m	navahi	navasu
ten, dasa	dasanna.m	dasahi	dasasu

264. The numerals from 11 to 18 are declined in exactly the same way.

265. Here it must be observed that 10 has three forms: dasa, rasa, lasa, the last two being used only in composition with other numerals; .lasa is also found.

266. The numerals from 19 to 99 are feminine; as they are formed by prefixing the numerals from 1 to 9 to the decades, the decades are here given separately.

20. viisati, viisa

30. ti.msati, ti.msa

40. cattaaliisa, cattaalisa, cattaarisa, taalisa, taalisa

50. pa~n~naasa, pa.n.naasa

60. sa.t.thi

70. sattati

80. asiti

90. navuti

267. The numerals ending in i are declined like the feminines in i (jaati, ratti).

268. Those in a take in the Nom. sometimes the form in aa, like ka~n~naa, but usually they assume in the Nom. neuter form in a.m.

269. The following will serve as a model for the declension of numerals from 20 to 99:

Declension of viisati, 20

Nom. & Voc.	Acc.	Gen. & Dat.	Ins. & Abl.	Loc.
1st form: viisa.m, viisa	visa.m	visaaya	visaaya	visaaya, visaaya.m
2nd form: viisati	viisati.m	visatiyaa	visatiyaa	visatiyaa, visatiya.m

270. To express full decades but one, as 19, 29, 39, etc: ekuuna (eka, one + uuna, deficient by) is prefixed to the decades, as: ekuunaviisati, 19, viz., 20 deficient by one. ekuunati.msa, 29 viz. 30 deficient by one, etc.

271. The very high numerals as, ko.ti, ten millions, pako.ti, one hundred billions, etc., are declined like viisati.

272. Sata.m 100, sahassa.m 1000, lakha.m 100,000, are neuter substantives, and therefore declined as such on the model of ruupa.m (124).

273. (II) Ordinals

274. The ordinals are formed from the cardinals, from 5 upwards, by means of the suffix ma:

Cardinals	Ordinals
5. pa~nca	pa~ncama, 5th
6. cha	chama, 6th
7. satta	sattama, 7th
8. a.t.tha	a.t.thama, 8th, etc.

275. Ordinals 5th, 6th and 7th, have two forms: ...

5th, pa~ncatha, pa~ncama

6th, cha.t.tha, cha.t.thama

7th, sattha, sattama

276. From 5 upwards, the ordinals form their feminine by means of suffix ii (181, 2) and their neuter is formed in a.m. They are therefore declined like devo, nadii and ruupa.m.

Examples

Masc. Nom.	Fem. Nom.	Neut. Nom.
pa~ncamo	pa~ncamii	pa~ncama.m
cha.t.thamo	cha.t.thamii	cha.t.thama.m
sattamo	sattamii	sattama.m
a.t.thamo	a.t.thamii	a.t.thama.m, etc.

277. From 11 upwards, however, the cardinals themselves are not seldom used as ordinals; so that we have the choice of two forms, and can say either,

ekaarasa, 11th, or ekaarasama, 11th.
pa~ncadasa, 15th, or pa~ncadasama, 15th.
catuviisati 24th, or catuviisatima, 24th, etc.

278. The first four ordinals are as follows:

Masc. Nom.	Fem. Nom.	Neut. Nom.
pa.thamo	pa.thamaa	pa.thama.m
dutiyo	dutiyaa	dutiya.m
tatiyo	tatiyaa	tatiya.m
catuttho	catutthaa	catuttha.m

279. (III) Adverbial derivatives from numerals

280. Many important adverbs are derived from numerals by means of some suffixes.

281. By means of suffix dhaa are formed adverbs signifying: ways, times, fold and sometimes kinds.

Examples

ekadhaa, once.
dvidhaa, in two ways; in two; of two kinds.
tidhaa, in three ways; three-fold, in three parts.

282. The word gu.na, though not a suffix, is often employed like dhaa with the meanings of times, fold. In the sense of times, it generally takes the neuter form in a.m.

Examples

dasagu.na.m, ten times; or ten-fold.
tigu.na.m, three times; or three-fold.
catugu.na.m, four times; or, four-fold.

283. dhaa is also used in the same way after a few adjectives:
bahudhaa, in many ways.
anekadhaa, in more than one way.

284. Distributive adverbs are formed from numerals by means of suffix so (Sansk. ïas).

Examples

ekaso, one by one.
pa~ncaso, five by five.

285. From khattu.m, multiplicative adverbs are formed.

Examples

dvikkhattu.m, twice.
sattakkhattu.m, seven times.
satasahassakkhattu.m, one hundred thousand times.

286. The two following suffixes, from substantives and adjectives ka and ya, form collective nouns and adjectives.

Examples

catukka, four-fold, consisting of four, a collection of four things; a place where four roads meet.
dvaya, of two sorts, consisting of two a pair.
dvika, duka, consisting of two, a pair.
tika, taya, tayi, consisting of three, a triad, etc.

287. There is an adverb, meaning once, at once, never used in composition with numerals, it is saki.m, (Sansk, sak.rt). When used before words beginning with a vowel it sometimes takes the forms sakid or sakad.

Examples

saki.m passanto, seeing (him) once.
saki.m yeva, at once, simultaneously.
sakid eva, at once, simultaneously.
sakadaagamii (aagami), returning once only.