Paali Primer
Lesson 13
1. Conjugation of Verbs
Present Tense Active Voice (contd.)
Verbs which have the base ending in -e are conjugated somewhat differently
from what has been learnt so far. They can have two verbal bases, one ending in
-e, the other ending in -aya, as in coreti and corayati.
Base: core = to steal
|
Singular |
Plural |
3rd |
(So) coreti |
(Te) corenti |
2nd |
(Tva.m) coresi |
(Tumhe) coretha |
1st |
(Aha.m) coremi |
(Maya.m) corema |
Base: coraya = to steal
|
Singular |
Plural |
3rd |
(So) corayati |
(Te) corayanti |
2nd |
(Tva.m) corayasi |
(Tumhe) corayatha |
1st |
(Aha.m) corayaami |
(Maya.m) corayaama |
2. Vocabulary
Some verbs similarly conjugated are as follows:
- deseti - preaches
- cinteti - thinks
- puujeti - honours, offers
- puureti - fills
- pii.leti - oppresses
- katheti - speaks
- u.d.deti - flies
- udeti - (sun or moon) rises
- ropeti - plants
- manteti - discusses, takes counsel
- aamanteti - addresses
- nimanteti - invites
- oloketi - looks at
- jaaleti - kindles
- chaadeti - covers
- maareti - kills
- neti - leads, takes away
- aaneti - brings
- .thapeti - keeps
- paateti - fells
- paaleti - rules, governs
- parivajjeti - avoids
- obhaaseti - illuminates
- deti (dadaati) - gives
3. Gerunds and infinitives
N.B. Gerunds/absolutives and infinitives from the above verbs are formed
retaining the -e in the base.
Gerunds - desetvaa, cintetvaa, puujetvaa, puuretva etc.
Infinitives - desetu.m, cintetu.m, puujetu.m, puuretu.m etc.
4. More conjugation of verbs
Verbs which have the base ending in -naa are conjugated as follows:
Base: ki.naa = to buy
|
Singular |
Plural |
3rd |
(So) ki.naati |
(Te) ki.nanti |
2nd |
(Tva.m) ki.naasi |
(Tumhe) ki.naatha |
1st |
(Aha.m) ki.naami |
(Maya.m) ki.naama |
5. More vocabulary
Some verbs similarly declined are as follows:
- vikki.naati - sells
- su.naati - hears
- minaati - measures
- ga.nhaati - takes
- ugga.nhaati - learns
- jaanaati - knows
- jinaati - wins
- paapu.naati/pappoti - reaches
- ocinaati - picks, collects
- pahi.naati - sends
N.B. It should be observed that the present tense verbal terminations remain
constant. Only the vikara.na suffix, or the conjugational sign in between the
root and the termination, shows variation.
6. Irregular forms
Attention should be paid to the following forms:
Present Tense |
Gerund/Absolutive |
Infinitive |
jaanaati |
~natvaa/jaanitvaa |
~naatu.m |
su.naati |
sutvaa/su.nitvaa |
sotu.m/su.nitu.m |
paapu.naati/pappoti |
patvaa/paapu.nitvaa |
paapu.nitu.m/pappotu.m |
ga.nhaati |
gahetvaa/ga.nhitvaa |
gahetu.m/ga.nhitu.m |
7. Verbs to be/to do
The two verbs bhavati/hoti (to be) and karoti (to do) occur frequently in the
language. Their gerunds and infinitives are as follows:
Gerund - bhavitvaa/hutvaa; katvaa
Infinitive - bhavitu.m/hotu.m; kaatu.m
The verb atthi (to be) from root as and karoti (to do) from root k.r are
special verbs of frequent occurrence. They are conjugated as follows:
|
Singular |
Plural |
3rd |
atthi |
karoti |
santi |
karonti |
2nd |
asi |
karosi |
attha |
karotha |
1st |
asmi/amhi |
karomi |
asma/amha |
karoma |
Exercise 13
Translate into English
- Buddho vihaarasmi.m sannipatantaana.m manussaana.m dhamma.m deseti.
- Buddhassa puujetu.m cintento upaasako pupphaani ocinaati.
- Te patte udakena puurentaa giita.m gaayanti.
- Tumhe ara~n~ne vasante mige pii.letvaa asappurisaa hotha.
- Maya.m aapa.na.m gantvaa vaa.nijehi saddhi.m kathetvaa dha~n~na.m
vikki.naama.
- Tva.m u.d.denta.m suka.m disvaa ga.nhitu.m icchasi.
- Pabbatamhaa udenta.m canda.m passitu.m kumaaro gharamhaa dhaavati.
- Aha.m kassakehi saha khettasmi.m rukkhe ropemi.
- Maya.m amaccehi saha mantentaa paasaadasmi.m aasanesu nisiidaama.
- Tumhe Tathaagatassa saavake nimantetvaa daana.m detha.
- Upaasakaa vihaara.m gantvaa diipe jaaletvaa dhamma.m sotu.m nisiidanti.
- Luddako siisa.m (head) dussena chaadetvaa nisiiditvaa saku.ne maretu.m
ussahati.
- So vane aahi.n.dante go.ne gaama.m aanetvaa vaa.nijaana.m vikki.naati.
- Tva.m aapa.nehi bha.n.daani ki.nitvaa saka.tena aanetvaa gehe .thapesi.
- Tumhe kakacehi rukkhe chinditvaa pabbatamhaa paatetha.
- Dhammena manusse paalentaa bhuupaalaa akusala.m parivajjenti.
- Sacca.m ~naatu.m icchanto aha.m sama.nehi pa~nhe pucchaami.
- Daana.m datvaa siila.m rakkhantaa sappurisaa saggaloka.m paapu.nanti.
- Dha~n~na.m minanto kassako aapa.na.m netvaa dha~n~na.m vikki.nitu.m
cinteti.
- Aha.m pattena paaniiya.m pivanto dvaarasmi.m .thatva magga.m olokemi.
- So aapa.namhaa khiira.m ki.nitu.m putta.m pahi.naati.
- Maya.m dhamma.m ugga.nhitu.m ussahantaa pa.n.ditena saha mantema.
- Corehi saddhi.m gehe bhinditvaa manusse pii.lentaa tumhe asappurisaa hotha.
- Aha.m suva.n.na.m pariyesamaane diipamhaa aagacchante vaa.nije jaanaami.
- Aha.m aacariyo homi, tva.m vejjo hosi.
- Tva.m asappurisa, Buddhena desenta.m dhamma.m sutvaa sappuriso bhavitu.m
ussahasi.
- Aha.m pa.n.ditehi saddhi.m mantento dhammena diipa.m paalento bhuupaalo
asmi.
- Varaahe maarentaa coraa kassake pii.lentaa paapakammaani karonti.
- Siila.m rakkhantaa pu~n~nakammaani karontaa manussaa sagga.m pappotu.m
aaka`nkhanti.
- Akusala.m pahaaya paapa.m parivajjetvaa viharantaa naraa sappurisaa
bhavanti.
Translate into Paali
- Having picked fruits from the trees you send (them) to the market.
- Having heard the Buddha preach the doctrine I become glad.
- Thinking of collecting corn I go to the field with the farmer.
- Singing songs you (pl.) look at the birds flying in the sky.
- I advise the wicked man who oppresses the farmers in the village.
- We dig pits to plant trees in the park.
- We know the man who is lighting lamps in the monastery.
- You (pl.) cross the sea with sailors to reach the island.
- The king governing the island wins.
- We begin to learn the dhamma from recluses living in the village.
- Searching for the truth the wise man goes from city to city.
- Avoiding the sleeping dog with his foot the child runs home.
- Wishing to be born in heaven wise men fear to do evil.
- Departing from the human world wicked men are born in hell (narake).
- Having invited the hermit from the mountain the king gives him a robe.
- Trying to understand the truth lay devotees become recluses.
- Expecting to hear the monk preaching the dhamma lay devotees assemble in
the monastery.
- We see with our eyes, hear with our ears (sotehi), touch with our bodies.
- I am the king governing the islands.
- You (pl.) are wicked men who take counsel with thieves.
- Good men begin to plant trees to protect the world.
- Having heard the dhamma, the thief wishes to avoid evil.
- Merchants keep clothes in shops to sell (them) to farmers coming from the
villages.
- The sick man (gilaana) is a messenger of the gods in the human world.
- There are good men in the world who admonish wicked men.
- Having picked lotuses from the water, the doctor goes to the monastery to
listen to the dhamma.
- Seeing the Buddha and being pleased the thief throws away the arrows.
- Wishing to avoid evil I practise virtue.
- We cook rice to give alms to the monks coming from the monastery.
- You (pl.) go from island to island searching for gold with merchants.