Paali Primer

Lesson 19

1. The Past Participle

Past participles are mostly formed by adding -ta to the root with or without the connecting vowel -i-.

pacati - pac + i + ta = pacita = cooked
bhaasati - bhaas + i + ta = bhaasita = spoken
yaacati - yaac + i + ta = yaacita = begged
deseti - dis' + i + ta = desita = preached
puujeti - puuj + i + ta = puujita = honoured
gacchati - gam + ta = gata = gone
hanati - han + ta = hata = killed
nayati/neti - nii + ta = niita = led

The past participle is also formed from some roots by adding -na.

chindati - chid + na = chinna = cut
bhindati - bhid + na = bhinna = broken
nisiidati - ni + sad + na = nisinna = seated
tarati - ti + na = ti.n.na = crossed

2. Passive meanings

Past participles have a passive meaning when they are formed from transitive verbs, but from intransitive verbs they have an active meaning. They are declined in the three genders, as -a ending nouns in the masculine and the neuter, and -aa ending nouns in the feminine. Pacati, chindati, nimanteti are transitive verbs. Therefore:

pacito odano = the rice that is cooked (passive meaning);
chinna.m pa.n.na.m = the leaf that is cut (passive meaning);
nimantitaa ka~n~naa = the girl who is invited (passive meaning).

But gacchati, patati, ti.t.thati are intransitive verbs. Therefore:

manusso gato (hoti) = the man has gone (active meaning);
puppha.m patita.m (hoti) = the flower has fallen (active meaning);
ka~n~naa .thitaa (hoti) = the girl has stood (active meaning).

3. Examples

The following are some past participles

kasati - kasita, ka.t.tha
pucchati - pucchita, pu.t.tha
pacati - pacita, pakka
.dasati - da.t.tha
phusati - phu.t.tha
pavisati - pavi.t.tha
aamasati - aamasita, aama.t.tha
labhati - laddha, labhita
aarabhati - aaraddha
bhavati - bhuuta
bhu~njati - bhu~njita, bhutta
vapati - vutta
vasati - vuttha
aasi~ncati - aasitta
khipati - khitta
dhovati - dhovita, dhota
pajahati - pahiina
vivarati - viva.ta
pivati - piita
cavati - cuta
hanati - hata
nikkhamati - nikkhanta
jaanaati - ~naata
su.naati - suta
minaati - mita
ga.nhaati - gahita
ki.naati - kiita
paapu.naati - patta
karoti - kata
ti.t.thati - .thita
harati - ha.ta
kujjhati - kuddha
dadaati - dinna
pasiidati - pasanna
(passati) - di.t.tha, (d.rś)
mu~ncati - mutta

4. Examples in sentence formation

Upaasakehi vihaara.m pavi.t.tho Buddho di.t.tho hoti.
The Buddha who entered the monastery was seen by the lay devotees.
Te Buddhena desita.m dhamma.m su.ni.msu.
They listened to the dhamma preached by the Buddha.
Daarikaaya aaha.taani bha.n.daani ammaa pi.takesu pakkhipi.
The mother put in baskets the goods brought by the girl.
Vaanijo patitassa rukkhassa saakhaayo chindi.
The merchant cut the branches of the fallen tree.
Maya.m udakena aasittehi pupphehi Buddha.m puujema.
We may worship the Buddha with flowers sprinkled with water.
Kassakena kasite khette suukaro sayati.
A pig sleeps in the field ploughed by the farmer.

Exercise 19

Translate into English

Ammaaya ma~njuusaaya.m pakkhitta.m suva.n.na.m daarikaa na ga.nhi.
Dhotaani vatthaani gahetvaa bhariyaa udakamhaa uttari.
Kassakehi uyyaane ropitesu rukkhesu phalaani bhavi.msu.
Buddhaa devehi ca narehi ca puujitaa honti.
Udakena puurita.m patta.m gahetvaa vanitaa geha.m aagataa hoti.
Adhammena (unrighteously) diipa.m paalentena bhuupaalena pii.litaa manussaa kuddhaa honti.
Pakka.m (ripe) phala.m tu.n.dena gahetvaa u.d.denta.m suva.m aha.m apassi.m.
Udento suriyo braahma.nena namassito hoti.
Ammaaya jaalita.m diipa.m aadaya putto vihaara.m pavi.t.tho hoti.
Vanitaaya dussena chaadite aasane sama.no nisiiditvaa sannipatitaaya parisaaya dhamma.m desesi.
Kassakena khetta.m aaniitaa go.naa ti.na.m khaadantaa aahi.n.di.msu.
Vaa.nijaa ma~njuusaasu .thapitaani dussaani na vikki.ni.msu.
Sace tva.m sacca.m jaaneyyaasi maa putta.m akkosa.
Naavaaya nikkhantaa naraa samudda.m taritvaa diipa.m paapu.nitvaa bhariyaahi saddhi.m kathentaa modanti.
Magge .thite vaa.nijassa saka.te aha.m ka~n~naaya aaniitaani bha.n.daani .thapesi.m.
Dhammena laddhena dhanena putte posetvaa jiivantaa manussaa devataahi rakkhitaa honti.
Saavakehi ca upaasakehi ca parivaarito Buddho vihaarassa chaayaaya nisinno hoti.
Ammaaya paapehi nivaaritaa puttaa sappurisaa hutvaa dhamma.m su.nanti.
Kassake pii.lentaa coraa pa.n.ditena anusaasitaa sappurisaa bhavitu.m vaayamantaa upaasakehi saddhi.m uyyaane rukkhe ropenti.
Vanitaa puttaaya pa.tiyaaditamhaa bhattamhaa khudaaya pii.litassa yaacakassa thoka.m (little) datvaa paaniiya.m ca dadi/adaasi.
Sabhaaya.m nisiiditvaa daarikaaya gaayita.m giita.m sutvaa ka~n~naayo modi.msu.
Amaccena nimantitaa purisaa saalaaya.m nisiiditu.m asakkontaa (unable) uyyaane sannipati.msu.
Kassakehi khettesu vuttehi biijehi thoka.m (little) saku.naa khaadi.msu.
Kumaarehi rukkhamuule niliiyitvaa sayanto sappo di.t.tho hoti.
Vaa.nijena diipamhaa aaha.taani vatthaani ki.nitu.m vanitaayo icchanti.
Sace bhuupaalo dhammena manusse rakkheyya te kammaani katvaa daarake posentaa sukha.m vindeyyu.m.
Puttena yaacitaa ammaa mittaana.m odana.m pa.tiyaadesi.
Amaccena pu.t.tha.m pa~nha.m adhigantu.m asakkonto coraana.m duuto cintetu.m aarabhi.
Corehi guhaaya.m niliiyitaani bha.n.daani passitvaa vaanaraa taani (them) aadaaya rukkhe aaruhi.msu.
Aha.m pariyesita.m dhamma.m adhigantvaa modaami.

Translate into Paali

The man who came to the assembly could not speak with the ministers.
The child ran to the shop taking the money given by the mother.
The king is seated in the chariot drawn by horses.
Having discussed with the wise man the farmers sent a messenger to the king.
The children went out of the open door.
The women who got down to the water washed clothes and bathed.
Buddhas and their disciples are worshipped by gods and men.
The merchant sold the clothes sewn by women.
I did not take the flowers and fruits brought by the girl from the forest.
Being chased by the dog, the girls quickly (siigha.m) ran home.
The teacher having seen the evil deed done by the girl advised her.
We did not light the lamps prepared by the women.
You do not drag the branches cut by the farmer from the mountain.
Without getting the pay for the work done, the woman is angry.
Do not ask for fruits from the boy sitting on the branch.
The woman who is scolded by the brahmin cries, seated at the door.
The girl being called by the mother ran home to eat rice.
The men who tried to cut the creepers started pulling the branches.
The farmer who makes a living righteously, ploughing his fields experiences happiness with his wife and children.
Deities who have departed from the world of gods and are born in the human world rejoice listening to the dhamma preached by the Buddha.
The thieves who were instructed by the monk became good men.
There were no fruits on the trees planted by the farmer.
Bitten by the dog the girl ran home and cried.
The minister is not known to the doctor.
Seated under the tree the girls played with sand.
Sons, do not drink liquor.
Mothers prevent children from evil.
I gave water to the dog oppressed with thirst.
Seeing the hunter coming we hid among the trees.
We prepared alms with faith and gave to the monks.